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How Tall Is 5 Cubits

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Ancient unit of length

The cubit is an aboriginal unit of measurement of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It was primarily associated with the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites. The term cubit is found in the Bible regarding Noah's Ark, Ark of the Covenant, Tabernacle, Solomon's Temple. The common cubit was divided into 6 palms × four fingers = 24 digits.[1] Royal cubits added a palm for 7 palms × 4 fingers = 28 digits.[2] These lengths typically ranged from 44.4 to 52.92 cm (1 ft 5+ i⁄2  in to i ft 8+ 13⁄sixteen  in), with an ancient Roman cubit being as long as 120 cm (three ft eleven in).

Cubits of various lengths were employed in many parts of the world in antiquity, during the Heart Ages and as recently as early modern times. The term is still used in hedgelaying, the length of the forearm being frequently used to determine the interval between stakes placed inside the hedge.[3]

Etymology [edit]

The English give-and-take "cubit" comes from the Latin substantive cubitum "elbow", from the verb cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum "to lie down",[iv] from which also comes the adjective "recumbent".[five]

Aboriginal Egyptian royal cubit [edit]

The ancient Egyptian royal cubit ( meh niswt ) is the earliest attested standard measure. Cubit rods were used for the measurement of length. A number of these rods take survived: two are known from the tomb of Maya, the treasurer of the 18th dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun, in Saqqara; another was found in the tomb of Kha (TT8) in Thebes. Fourteen such rods, including i double cubit rod, were described and compared by Lepsius in 1865.[6] These cubit rods range from 523.5 to 529.2 mm (20+ 5⁄8 to twenty+ 27⁄32  in) in length and are divided into seven palms; each palm is divided into iv fingers, and the fingers are further subdivided.[vii] [6] [8]

Cubit rod from the Turin Museum

Early prove for the use of this royal cubit comes from the Early Dynastic Menses: on the Palermo Stone, the flood level of the Nile river during the reign of the Pharaoh Djer is given as measuring 6 cubits and one palm.[7] Use of the royal cubit is also known from Old Kingdom compages, from at least as early as the construction of the Pace Pyramid of Djoser designed by Imhotep in around 2700 BC.[9]

Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement [edit]

Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer. Each city, kingdom and trade social club had its own standards until the germination of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard. This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, just roughshod into decay afterwards the Akkadian Empire dissolved. The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the Ur III menstruation by the Nanše Hymn which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon mutual groupings. Successors to Sumerian civilisation including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to utilise these groupings.

The Classical Mesopotamian organization formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Farsi, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies.[ten] [ full citation needed ] The Classical Mesopotamian Organisation likewise has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to Statuary Age Harappan and Egyptian metrologies.

In 1916, during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and in the middle of Earth War I, the German assyriologist Eckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. The bar dates from c.  2650 BCE and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit equally about 518.vi mm (twenty+ 13⁄32  in).[xi]

Biblical cubit [edit]

The standard of the cubit (Hebrew: אמה) in different countries and in different ages has varied. This realization led the rabbis of the 2nd century CE to clarify the length of their cubit, saying that the measure out of the cubit of which they accept spoken "applies to the cubit of middle-size".[12] In this instance, the requirement is to make utilize of a standard 6 handbreadths to each cubit,[13] [fourteen] and which handbreadth was not to be confused with an outstretched palm, just rather 1 that was clenched and which handbreadth has the standard width of iv fingerbreadths (each fingerbreadth being equivalent to the width of a thumb, nearly 2.25 cm).[xv] [16] This puts the handbreadth at roughly 9 cm (3+ i⁄2  in), and 6 handbreadths (1 cubit) at 54 cm (21+ i⁄2  in). Epiphanius of Salamis, in his treatise On Weights and Measures, describes how it was customary, in his day, to have the measurement of the biblical cubit: "The cubit is a measure, but it is taken from the measure of the forearm. For the office from the elbow to the wrist and the palm of the mitt is called the cubit, the middle finger of the cubit measure out being also extended at the same time and in that location being added below (it) the bridge, that is, of the manus, taken all together."[17]

Rabbi Avraham Chaim Naeh put the linear measurement of a cubit at 48 cm (nineteen in).[eighteen] Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz (the "Chazon Ish"), dissenting, put the length of a cubit at 57.6 cm (22+ eleven⁄16  in).[19]

Rabbi and philosopher Maimonides, following the Talmud, makes a stardom between the cubit of half dozen handbreadths used in ordinary measurements, and the cubit of 5 handbreadths used in measuring the Gilded Altar, the base of operations of the altar of burnt offerings, its circuit and the horns of the altar.[12]

Ancient Greece [edit]

In ancient Greek units of measurement, the standard forearm cubit (Greek: πῆχυς , translit. pēkhys ) measured approximately 0.46 m (18 in). The brusque forearm cubit ( πυγμή pygmē , lit. "fist"), from the wrist to the elbow, measured approximately 0.34 m (xiii+ one⁄ii  in).[20]

Ancient Rome [edit]

In aboriginal Rome, co-ordinate to Vitruvius, a cubit was equal to 1+ 1⁄2 Roman feet or six palm widths (approximately 444 mm or 17+ i⁄2  in).[21] A 120-centimeter cubit (approximately four feet long), chosen the Roman ulna, was mutual in the Roman empire, which cubit was measured from the fingers of the outstretched arm opposite the human's hip.[22] ; besides, [23] with [24]

Islamic world [edit]

In the Islamic earth, the cubit ( dhirāʿ ) had a similar origin, beingness originally defined equally the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.[25] Several different cubit lengths were current in the medieval Islamic world for the unit of length, ranging from 48.25–145.6 cm (19–57+ v⁄sixteen  in), and in turn the dhirāʿ was usually subdivided into six handsbreadths ( qabḍa ), and each handsbreadth into four fingerbreadths ( aṣbaʿ ).[25] The most usually used definitions were:

  • the legal cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-sharʿiyya ), besides known as the paw cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-yad ), cubit of Yusuf ( al-dhirāʿ al-Yūsufiyya , named after the 8th-century qāḍī Abu Yusuf), postal cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-barīd ), "freed" cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-mursala ) and thread cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-ghazl ). Information technology measured 49.8 cm (xix+ v⁄eight  in), although in the Abbasid Caliphate it measured 48.25 cm (19 in), possibly as a result of reforms of Caliph al-Ma'mun ( r. 813–833).[25]
  • the black cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-sawdāʾ ), adopted in the Abbasid menstruum and fixed by the measure used in the Nilometer on Rawda Island at 54.04 cm (21+ i⁄4  in). It is as well known as the common cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-ʿāmma ), sack-material cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-kirbās ), and was the nearly commonly used in the Maghreb and Islamic Spain nether the name al-dhirāʿ al-Rashshāshiyya .[25]
  • the king's cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-malik ), inherited from the Sassanid Persians. It measured viii qabḍa for a total of 66.five cm (26+ three⁄sixteen  in) on boilerplate. It was this measure used past Ziyad ibn Abihi for his survey of Iraq, and is hence also known as Ziyadi cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-Ziyādiyya ) or survey cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-misāḥaʾ ). From Caliph al-Mansur ( r. 754–775) information technology was also known every bit the Hashemite cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-Hāshimiyya ). Other identical measures were the work cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-ʿamal ) and probable as well the al-dhirāʿ al-hindāsa , which measures 65.half-dozen cm (25+ xiii⁄16  in).[25]
  • the cloth cubit, which fluctuated widely co-ordinate to region: the Egyptian cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-bazz or al-dhirāʿ al-baladiyya ) measured 58.15 cm (22+ 29⁄32  in), that of Damascus 63 cm (25 in), that of Aleppo 67.7 cm (26+ v⁄8  in), that of Baghdad 82.9 cm (32+ 5⁄8  in), and that of Istanbul 68.six cm (27 in).[25]

A multifariousness of more local or specific cubit measures were developed over fourth dimension: the "small" Hashemite cubit of 60.05 cm (23+ 21⁄32  in), likewise known as the cubit of Bilal ( al-dhirāʿ al-Bilāliyya , named afterward the 8th-century Basran qāḍī Bilal ibn Abi Burda); the Egyptian carpenter's cubit ( al-dhirāʿ bi'50-najjāri ) or architect's cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-miʿmāriyya ) of c.  77.5 cm (30+ 1⁄2  in), reduced and standardized to 75 cm (29+ 1⁄2  in) in the 19th century; the house cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-dār ) of 50.iii cm (xix+ thirteen⁄16  in), introduced by the Abbasid-era qāḍī Ibn Abi Layla; the cubit of Umar ( al-dhirāʿ al-ʿUmariyya ) of 72.eight centimetres (28.vii in) and its double, the calibration cubit ( al-dhirāʿ al-mīzāniyya ) established by al-Ma'mun and used mainly for measuring canals.[25]

In medieval and early on modern Persia, the cubit (usually known as gaz ) was either the legal cubit of 49.8 cm (19+ 5⁄8  in), or the Isfahan cubit of 79.8 cm (31+ seven⁄sixteen  in).[25] A royal cubit ( gaz-i shāhī ) appeared in the 17th century with 95 cm (37+ one⁄2  in), while a "shortened" cubit ( gaz-i mukassar ) of 6.8 cm (two+ eleven⁄xvi  in) (likely derived from the widely used fabric cubit of Aleppo) was used for fabric.[25] The measure survived into the 20th century, with i gaz equal to 104 cm (41 in).[25] Mughal Republic of india also had its own majestic cubit ( dhirāʿ-i pādishāhī ) of 81.3 cm (32 in).[25]

"Druid's cubit" [edit]

The 18th century physician and antiquarian William Stukeley proposed that a unit he called the "Druid's cubit" had been used past the builders of megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury. Stukeley'due south cubit was 20.eight English language inches (530 mm) in length, a measure whose multiples he claimed to detect in the dimensions of aboriginal structures. [26]

Other systems [edit]

Other measurements based on the length of the forearm include some lengths of ell, the Chinese chi , the Japanese shaku , the Indian hasta , the Thai sok , the Malay hasta , the Tamil muzham , the Telugu moora ( మూర ), the Khmer hat , and the Tibetan khru ( ཁྲུ ).[27]

Cubit arm in heraldry [edit]

A heraldic cubit arm, dexter, vested and cock

A cubit arm in heraldry may be dexter or sinister. It may be vested (with a sleeve) and may be shown in diverse positions, most commonly erect, but also fesswise (horizontal), bendwise (diagonal) and is often shown grasping objects.[28] It is most often used erect every bit a crest, for example by the families of Poyntz of Iron Acton, Rolle of Stevenstone and Turton.

See also [edit]

  • History of measurement
  • List of obsolete units of measurement
  • Arrangement of measurement
  • Units of measurement

References [edit]

  1. ^ Vitruvian Man.
  2. ^ Stephen Skinner, Sacred Geometry – Deciphering The Code (Sterling, 2009) & many other sources.
  3. ^ Hart, Sarah. "The Dark-green Man". Shropshire Hedgelaying. Oliver Liebscher. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2017. On the roadside the end is clean and not bad, a living contend of intertwined branches between stakes placed an old cubit (the length of a man's forearm or approximately 18 inches) apart.
  4. ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary
  5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, Second edition, 1989; online version September 2011. s.5. "cubit"
  6. ^ a b Richard Lepsius (1865). Die altaegyptische Elle und ihre Eintheilung (in German). Berlin: Dümmler. p. 14–18.
  7. ^ a b Marshall Clagett (1999). Ancient Egyptian scientific discipline, a Source Book. Book Three: Aboriginal Egyptian Mathematics. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Gild. ISBN 978-0-87169-232-0. p.
  8. ^ Arnold Dieter (1991). Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506350-9. p.251.
  9. ^ Jean Philippe Lauer (1931). "Étude sur Quelques Monuments de la Iiieastward Dynastie (Pyramide à Degrés de Saqqarah)". Annales du Service des Antiquités de Fifty'Egypte IFAO 31:sixty p. 59
  10. ^ Conder 1908, p. 87.
  11. ^ Acta praehistorica et archaeologica Volumes 7–8. Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte; Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut (Berlin, Germany); Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz. Berlin: Bruno Hessling Verlag, 1976. p. 49.
  12. ^ a b Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary (ed. Yosef Qafih), vol. 3, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1967, Middot 3:1 [p. 291] (Hebrew).
  13. ^ Mishnah (Kelim 17:nine–10, pp. 629, note xiv – 630). In the Tosefta (Kelim Baba-Metsia half-dozen:12–xiii), however, information technology brings down a 2nd stance, namely, that of Rabbi Meir, who distinguishes between a medium-sized cubit of v handbreadths, used principally for rabbinic measurements in measuring the bare and untilled ground near a vineyard and where in that location is a prohibition to grow therein seed plants nether the laws of Various Kinds, and a larger cubit of half dozen handbreadths used to measure therewith the chantry. Cf. Saul Lieberman, Tosefet Rishonim (part 3), Jerusalem 1939, p. 54, due south.v. איזו היא אמה בינונית, where he brings downwardly a variant reading of the same Tosefta and where it has 6 handbreadths, instead of v handbreadths, for the medium size cubit.
  14. ^ Cf. Warren, C. (1903). The Ancient Cubit and Our Weights and Measures. London: The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 4. OCLC 752584387.
  15. ^ Tosefta (Kelim Baba-Metsia 6:12–13)
  16. ^ Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary (ed. Yosef Qafih), vol. 1, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963, Kila'im 6:6 [p. 127] (Hebrew).
  17. ^ Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – the Syriac Version (ed. James Elmer Dean, The University of Chicago Press: Chicago 1935, p. 69.
  18. ^ Abraham Haim Noe, Sefer Ḳuntres ha-Shiʻurim (Abridged edition from Shiʻurei Torah), Jerusalem 1943, p. 17 (department 20).
  19. ^ Chazon Ish, Orach Chaim 39:14.
  20. ^ Vörös, Gyozo (2015), "Anastylosis at Machaerus", Biblical Archaeology Review, vol. 41, no. ane, Jan/Feb 2015, p. 56
  21. ^ H. Arthur Klein (1974). The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey. New York: Dover. ISBN 9780486258393. p. 68.
  22. ^ Stone, Mark H. (30 January 2014). "The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary (Review Article)". Journal of Anthropology. 2014: 489757 [4]. doi:10.1155/2014/489757Academic Editor: Kaushik Bose {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  23. ^ Grant, James (1814). Thoughts on the Origin and Descent of the Gael: With an Account of the Picts, Caledonians, and Scots; and Observations Relative to the Authenticity of the Poems of Ossian. Edinburgh: For A. Constable and Company. p. 137. Retrieved one January 2018. Solinus, cap. 45, uses ulna for cubitus, where Pliny speaks of a crocodile of 22 cubits long. Solinus expresses it by so many ulnae, and Julius Pollux uses both words for the same... they call a cubitus an ulna.
  24. ^ Ozdural, Alpay (1998). Necipoğlu, Gülru (ed.). "Sinan's Arsin: A Survey of Ottoman Architectural Metrology". Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Leiden, Holland. 15: 109. ISSN 0732-2992. ... Roman ulna of four feet...
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j grand Hinz, W. (1965). "Dhirāʿ". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume Ii: C–G. Leiden: Due east. J. Brill. pp. 231–232. OCLC 495469475.
  26. ^ Burl, Aubrey (2004). "A. D. Passmore and the Stone Circles of Northward Wiltshire". Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine. 97: 197. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  27. ^ Rigpa Wiki, accessed Jan 2022, "[1]"
  28. ^ Allcock, Hubert (2003). Heraldic design : its origins, ancient forms, and mod usage, with over 500 illustrations. Mineola, Due north.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 24. ISBN048642975X.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Arnold, Dieter (2003). The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture . Taurus. ISBNane-86064-465-1.
  • Hirsch, Emil G.; et al. (1906), "Weights and Measures", The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. XII, pp. 483 ff .
  • Petrie, Sir Flinders (1881). Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.
  • Stone, Mark H., "The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary", Journal of Anthropology doi:10.1155/2014/489757, 2014

External links [edit]

How Tall Is 5 Cubits,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit

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